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NURS 611 Assignment 7.1 Respiratory Infection Case Study
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NURS 611 Assignment 7: Respiratory Infection Case Study
Bacterial pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, cause pneumonia by infiltrating the body’s first and second line of defense. The pathogens penetrate the body primarily through the nose and mouth where they penetrate the first line of defense, a lining of epithelial cells that entrap these organisms in mucus (Rogers, 2022, p. 202). Mucus is then expectorated from the body via the same places the organisms entered the body, through the mouth and nose via coughing and sneezing. This is also how the pathogen is spread via airborne droplets (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). This invasion then activates the body’s second line of defense, the inflammatory process. This response in the body causes influx of “leukocytes, platelets, plasma proteins, and other biochemical mediators” to the area or areas of the primary pathogen invasion. These areas would be in the lungs, and the upper and lower respiratory tract for bacterial pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs characterized by the symptoms of the body’s defense mechanisms in action fighting off the pneumonia pathogens. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs characterized by the symptoms of the body’s defense mechanisms in action fighting off the pneumonia pathogens.
Leukocytosis is an elevated above normal level of white blood cells. A leftward shift expresses the differentiation of white blood cells having more immature blood cells such as band cells, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes than normal in the blood stream (Rogers, 2022, p. 219). Inflammation triggers bone marrow to release these immature neutrophil cells.
This bacterial invasion activates the body’s second line of defense, the inflammatory process. This response in the body causes an influx of “leukocytes, platelets, plasma proteins, and other
biochemical mediators” to the area or areas of the primary pathogen invasion. These areas would be in the lungs, and the upper and lower respiratory tract for bacterial pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs characterized by the symptoms of the body’s defense mechanisms in action fighting off the pneumonia pathogens. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs characterized by the symptoms of the body’s defense mechanisms in action fighting off the pneumonia pathogens. Leukocytosis is then triggered by the inflammation.
In a successful inflammatory response, the infectious pathogen is eliminated and expectorated. However, the dysregulated inflammatory response is when inflammation causes damage to healthy cells while fighting off the infection. The endothelial cell barrier in the affected lung and respiratory tract tissue breaks down in effective management in the exchange of fluids and solutes due to the dysregulation of inflammatory mediators (Herold & Mrowka, 2019, p. 13284). This can lead to endotoxemia, which occurs when endotoxins released by bacteria when they die can cross into the bloodstream (André et al., 2019, p. 1887). This can also lead to ischemia, trauma, and areas of cell or tissue death. This can further progress into multiple organ system failure and/or sepsis.
Pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines offer protection from illnesses caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, such as bacterial pneumonia (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2023). Vaccines, both live and inactive forms, trigger the body’s inflammation processes on a smaller, more controlled scale which allows the body to prepare a defense against a small manageable amount of pathogens. Trained immunity is the body’s ability
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Course : Advanced Pathophysiology (NURS611)
University : maryville university.
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