planning your assignment

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Plan your writing

Interpret your assignment.

Planning how you approach your writing will make sure that you understand the task, can manage your time, and present a researched, structured and focused assignment.

Before you start writing, you need to understand what type of writing you are required to produce. For example, you might be asked to produce a report, an essay, an annotated bibliography or a literature review. This will shape how you will prepare, research and write your assignment. Take time to understand the conventions of each type of assignment and what is expected of you.

Understand instructional words

Instructional verbs in the assignment task will indicate how to plan your approach. Choose the instructional words that you have been given below to reveal what they mean.

Instructional verbs

Examine an issue in close detail and break it into its constituent parts. Look in depth at each part, consider the evidence, and show you understand the relationship between them.

Decide on the importance or usefulness of something and give reasons and evidence for your decision.

Identify similarities and differences between two or more things, problems or arguments. Draw a conclusion about which (if either) you think is preferable or more convincing.

Outline the meaning of a word, concept or theory as it is used in your discipline. In some cases it may be necessary or desirable to examine different possible, or often used, definitions.

Present factual information about something, using appropriate evidence to support your description.

Examine the arguments and the evidence to support them. Consider different sides of the issue and weigh up the implications of each argument.

Make an appraisal of the worth of something, an argument or a set of beliefs, in the light of its validity or value. This does involve making your own judgements, but they must be supported by an evidenced argument and justification.

Explain or clarify something using evidence, diagrams, figures, or case studies.

Provide adequate reasons for a decision or a conclusion by supporting it with sufficient evidence and argument; answer the main objections that are likely to be made to it.

Summarise the main features or the general principles of a subject, topic or theory.

Provide a thorough examination of a topic. You may be asked to draw your own conclusions.

To what extent

Explore and present the argument(s) for a particular topic and state the degree to which you agree with them.

Adapted from: Greetham, B. 2018. How to write better essays . 4th ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Scope and focus

Look at the assignment task to identify whether there is a specific aspect of the topic that you are being asked to focus on. For example:

• Is the topic or question limited to a certain time period, region, or group of people?
• Are you being asked to consider a particular angle (for example, political, social, economic aspects of the topic)?

If the assignment task does not include information about the scope or limitations of the topic, you should choose these yourself. Think about what key issues have been covered in your module and whether you could use any of these to produce a focused answer to the question.

If something in the assignment brief is unclear, check with your module leader as soon as possible before starting to plan your answer.

Watch this short video on how to plan and get started with your assignment.

Define your purpose and reader

The next step before writing is to clearly define the purpose of the writing and the audience.

Most formal academic writing at university is set by, and written for, an academic tutor or assessor. There should be clear criteria against which they will mark your work. Your tutor may ask you to write for different audiences such as a lay audience or your peers, so make sure you know who your intended audience is before you start writing.

Once you have a clear idea of what is required for your assignment, you can start to plan what you are going to write.

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Study Skills & Learning Strategies: Assignment Planning

Assignment planning steps.

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Assignment Planning Templates

• Understanding Your Assignment Checklist (pdf)
• Assignment Planner (pdf)
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Planning Your Assignment

• Understand and analyze your assignment
• Narrow your topic
• Do preliminary research and review course concepts
• Develop a working research question or thesis question
• Make a research plan
• Read sources and take notes
• Develop a thesis and outline
• Write first draft
• Revise and edit
• Proofread and check citations

Booking an appointment with an Academic Skills Instructor is beneficial at any stage of the writing process. Plan ahead and book an instructor to help you understand your assignment, create an outline, or review the first draft of your paper.

Consider how long each step will take and make a plan for when you will complete each step. Enter these mini-deadlines into your calendar or planner. See an example.

1. Understand and analyze your assignment

Spend some time to fully understand your assignment before you begin your work.

• Analyze the assignment question: read it carefully and underline key words, terms, and concepts.
• The length of the assignment provides clues as to how much research you need to do and the depth of the paper
• Research requirements: number and type of sources
• Referencing style (APA, MLA, Chicago etc.)

Try our template for analyzing your assignment instructions:  How to Analyze your Assignment Instructions.docx . 

2. Narrow your topic

Take time to narrow your topic ; a focused topic promotes good research and strong analysis.

When you can choose your own topic, pick something that truly interests you. Browse through the syllabus, lecture and reading notes, and course readings to help you decide.

3. Do preliminary research and review course concepts

Preliminary reading helps to focus your topic. You can determine how much information is available and whether you need to change the scope of your topic.

• Start with course readings and texts.
• Search the Trent Library Guides to find reference tools related to your discipline, including the best databases to use, relevant peer reviewed journals, good websites, dictionaries, and encyclopedias. 

4. Develop a working research question or thesis question

A research question is a starting point that expresses what you want to know about your topic and why you want to know it. A good question will help focus your research.

5. Make a research plan

The research process will consume a significant amount of time, so make sure that you leave plenty of time for this stage. Research is easier when you take the time to plan .

• Research Plan Worksheet

6. Read sources and take notes

• Read your sources efficiently and effectively . Academic reading is difficult reading and requires you to both actively and critically read.
• Take useful research notes. Notetaking from reading is a critical skill that aids in the research process and also distances you from your sources to help prevent plagiarism.
• Notetaking templates

7. Develop a thesis and an outline

The thesis is your position about the topic and the centre around which your paper will be organized. Review how to generate a good thesis .   

An outline identifies the main sections of the paper in relation to one another and the order in which they will be discussed in the essay. Include the evidence (and citation information) that you will use to support each section. There are various ways to outline a paper.

8. Write a first draft

The first draft for most writers is a document that contains errors, rough points, and incomplete sections. This becomes the basis for thoughtful revision and a final draft.

• Start writing the first draft.

9. Revise and edit

• Revise the whole paper. This includes considering the structure and argumentation of the paper.
• Edit for sentence-level errors and ensure that you are communicating your ideas clearly.

10. Proofread and check citations

Final proofreading is important for a polished finished product. 

Check citations for accuracy; our documentation guide has full details on proper citation.

Planning and Structuring Assignments

• Planning and structuring
• Sessions and recordings
• Steps to planning your writing
• Understanding the assignment
• Planning your content
• Structuring your answer
• Writing your answer
• Signposting language
• Quick resources (5-10 mins)
• e-learning and books (30 mins+)
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Skill Guide

Welcome to this guide on Planning and Structuring Assignments.  If you have difficulty getting started, or organising your ideas, you've come to the right place.  This guide addresses key aspects of planning your work, getting started, making sense of assessment criteria, and templates for structures and paragraphs. Here are the aspects covered in this guide.

• Signposting language  
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Academic writing skills guide: planning your assignments.

• Key Features of Academic Writing
• The Writing Process
• Understanding Assignments
• Brainstorming Techniques
• Planning Your Assignments
• Thesis Statements
• Writing Drafts
• Structuring Your Assignment
• How to Deal With Writer's Block
• Using Paragraphs
• Conclusions
• Introductions
• Revising & Editing
• Proofreading
• Grammar & Punctuation
• Reporting Verbs
• Signposting, Transitions & Linking Words/Phrases
• Using Lecturers' Feedback

There may be a temptation to skip the planning stage, especially when deadlines are approaching and you are keen to get on with researching but planning has multiple benefits.

• Make a rough outline plan - the plan begins with your own interpretation of the question; this initial plan helps you order your ideas and focus your reading
• If you really know nothing at all about the topic, some initial skimming and browsing through recommended readings or your lecturer’s course material can provide a few ideas.
• Once you have an initial plan, further familiarise yourself with all relevant module content and sources posted on your Moodle page. These resources have been specifically chosen by your lecturer to help you with your coursework so using these will help you refine your plan and make writing your assignment easier.

Before you start searching the library for resources or information, you need to have some idea of what you are looking for - note down all the questions you can think of that might relate to your assignment title and criteria and list some keywords around the topic you need to research. By taking time to properly understand the assignment title or question and brainstorming for initial ideas, it can help you make informed decisions about what you need to read for a particular assignment.

In this way, you can decide what information you need and then start gathering it. If left unplanned, the reading stage can swallow up huge amounts of time. Making intelligent decisions, based on your initial planning, about which sources to target, can help you to avoid spending time reading less relevant, inappropriate, or even completely irrelevant material. You will be much more efficient in your reading and your research if you have some idea of where your argument is headed. You can then search for evidence for the points in your tentative plan while you are reading and researching

Communications from the Library:  Please note all communications from the library, concerning renewal of books, overdue books and reservations will be sent to your NCI student email account.

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