how to write a simple argumentative essay

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How to Write an Argumentative Essay: Tips & Examples

Want to learn how to write an argumentative essay? This guide will walk you through creating a strong thesis, finding credible evidence, and addressing counterarguments. By the end of the article, you'll be equipped with everything you need to write a persuasive and well-structured argumentative essay.

Key Takeaways

• An argumentative essay requires a clear stance on a debatable topic, supported by structured arguments and credible evidence to persuade the reader.
• Key elements include a strong thesis statement, relevant supporting evidence, and the effective addressing of counterarguments to enhance the overall argument.
• The writing process includes the following stages: brainstorming, drafting, revising, and utilizing grammar tools to refine clarity and ensure persuasive communication.

Understanding Argumentative Essays

An argumentative essay is a type of academic writing that requires taking a stance on a controversial or debatable topic and supporting it with structured arguments and evidence. Unlike expository essays, which aim to inform, argumentative essays focus on persuading the reader to accept a particular viewpoint. To effectively communicate your position, you should learn how to write an argumentative essay first. The primary goal is to convince the reader through logical reasoning and credible evidence.

The essence of an argumentative essay lies in its ability to present a clear and defendable position on an issue. This involves not just stating opinions but backing them up with facts, data, and expert opinions. Grounding arguments in evidence allows writers to make a compelling and difficult-to-refute case. This approach not only strengthens the argument but also enhances the writer's credibility.

Writing argumentative essays serves a dual purpose: it allows students to structure their thoughts and arguments logically and helps develop critical thinking skills. The process of crafting an argument, defending it, and addressing counterarguments teaches students to think deeply and critically about various issues. This skill is invaluable not only in academic settings but also in everyday decision-making and discussions.

Essential Elements of an Argumentative Essay

Understanding the essential elements is key to writing an effective argumentative essay. These include a clear thesis statement, supporting evidence, and the ability to address counterarguments. Each component plays a vital role in building a strong and persuasive argument.

Crafting a Strong Thesis Statement

The thesis statement is the backbone of an argumentative essay. A weak thesis results in a weak essay, so the thesis statement must be clear and concise. A strong thesis should state a position that is specific, debatable, and can be supported with arguments and evidence. For instance, a thesis like "Malaria eradication plans should focus on prevention rather than treatment" clearly outlines the writer's stance and sets the stage for the entire essay.

Typically, the concise thesis statement appears as the final sentence of the introduction paragraph. This placement ensures that the reader understands the main argument right from the start.

Crafting a strong thesis involves thorough research and brainstorming to categorize ideas into a cohesive argument.

Gathering Supporting Evidence

Supporting evidence is the cornerstone of any argumentative essay. It relies on facts, studies, and data points rather than personal opinions. Credible evidence enhances the validity of an argument, making it more persuasive. This can include factual information, data, examples, and expert opinions.

When gathering evidence, it's essential to conduct extensive research and use reputable sources, including credible sources such as academic journals, empirical studies, and credible websites. Well-documented evidence lends credibility to the writer's position and strengthens the overall argument. For example, statistical data or findings from reputable studies can provide compelling support for your claims.

Ensuring that the evidence is relevant and directly supports your argument is crucial. Each piece of evidence should be carefully evaluated and integrated into the essay to present a convincing case. This approach helps in building a robust argumentative essay that stands up to scrutiny.

Addressing Counterarguments

Addressing counterarguments is a critical aspect of argumentative writing. This demonstrates fairness and awareness of opposing viewpoints, thereby strengthening the main argument. Recognizing and addressing counterarguments shows that the writer is prepared to defend their position comprehensively.

Researching the beliefs and strongest points of the opposing side before writing the essay is an effective strategy. This allows for a well-rounded understanding and enables the writer to dismantle counterclaims strategically. For instance, presenting evidence that refutes a common counterargument can strengthen the writer's position.

The Aristotelian approach emphasizes establishing credibility and thoroughly addressing counterarguments to support the main argument. By presenting an overview of the counterargument, stating the thesis, and then dismantling the counterargument, writers can effectively address opposing perspectives and reinforce their own arguments.

Structuring Your Argumentative Essay

Structuring an argumentative essay involves organizing it in a way that effectively builds the argument with clarity and coherence. A typical structure includes an introduction, body paragraphs, counterarguments, and a conclusion. This format ensures that the argument is presented logically and persuasively.

Writing an Engaging Introduction

An engaging introduction sets the tone for the entire essay. It should start with a hook to grab the reader's attention. This could be a startling statement, a quote, a question, or an anecdote. Following the hook, a clear thesis statement should be presented to establish the main argument.

For example, a compelling question like "Have you ever considered how prevention could be more effective than treatment in eradicating diseases?" immediately engages readers and leads them to the thesis statement. This approach ensures that readers are drawn into the argument right from the beginning.

Developing Body Paragraphs

Each body paragraph should focus on a distinct point supported by relevant evidence and analysis. Starting with a focused topic sentence that connects to the overall thesis helps maintain coherence. For instance, a body paragraph could begin with: "One major advantage of focusing on prevention is the reduction in healthcare costs."

The paragraph should then provide evidence and logical reasoning to support this point. By structuring body paragraphs this way, writers can build a strong and persuasive argument that is easy for readers to follow.

Concluding Effectively

A strong conclusion reinforces the main argument and leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Using transitional phrases helps guide readers smoothly to the conclusion, maintaining logical flow. For example, phrases like "In conclusion" or "Ultimately" signal that the reader has reached the final part of the essay.

The conclusion should restate the thesis, summarize key points, and suggest implications or actions stemming from the discussion. This approach encourages readers to reflect on the argument and consider its broader impact.

The Writing Process for Argumentative Essays

The writing process for writing an argumentative essay involves several stages, from brainstorming and research to drafting and revising. Each stage plays a crucial role in developing a well-structured and persuasive essay, and following argumentative essay writing tips can enhance this process. Additionally, knowing how to write argumentative essays can further improve your skills.

Brainstorming and Research

Effective brainstorming is the first step in the writing process. Selecting a controversial topic is crucial for generating ideas and engaging readers. Methods like mind mapping or conducting a quick brain dump can help organize thoughts and identify key points.

Thorough research is essential for gathering credible evidence. Utilizing academic journals and reputable websites ensures that the information is accurate and reliable. Seeking feedback from peers can also provide valuable insights and enhance the quality of the final essay.

Drafting Your Essay

The drafting phase focuses on expressing ideas freely without the pressure of perfection. This stage allows for creativity in argumentation and the free flow of thoughts, which can later be refined. The researchers should begin writing their ideas down on paper, knowing that multiple drafts will help improve clarity and strengthen arguments.

This approach ensures that the essay develops naturally and effectively.

Revising and Proofreading

Revising and proofreading are critical steps in the essay writing process. Multiple drafts are essential for refining arguments and improving overall clarity. Constructive criticism from peers can significantly enhance the quality of an argumentative essay during the revision process.

Grammar and style tools like Grammarly help writers maintain accuracy and enhance their essays' overall style. These tools provide real-time editing suggestions, helping writers enhance sentence structure and clarity instantly.

Advanced Argumentative Essay Structures

Advanced argumentative essay structures can further enhance the persuasiveness of your arguments. Understanding different methods, such as the Aristotelian, Toulmin, and Rogerian approaches, can help tailor your essay to the specific needs of your topic and audience.

Aristotelian Method

The Aristotelian method emphasizes logical reasoning and evidence to build a strong argument. This approach begins by presenting the problem, followed by the writer's perspective, and addressing counterarguments.

A strong aspect of this method is the effective refutation of counterarguments, which enhances the overall strength of the argument. By clearly articulating their viewpoint and aligning it with the presented argument, writers can create a compelling case.

Toulmin Method

The Toulmin method breaks down arguments into six components:

This method emphasizes the importance of providing a solid warrant that connects evidence to the claim. By structuring arguments this way, writers can ensure clarity and logical coherence.

The claim must assert a position that is debatable rather than merely descriptive, making the argument more compelling.

Rogerian Method

The Rogerian method focuses on understanding and respecting different perspectives within an argument. Finding common ground is a critical feature of this method, promoting negotiation and compromise. This approach is designed to foster cooperation by acknowledging clashing viewpoints and seeking mutual understanding.

It highlights the necessity of validating opposing viewpoints before presenting your own.

Effective Strategies for Argumentative Writing

Implementing effective strategies can significantly enhance the clarity and persuasion of your argumentative essays. Understanding different methods and techniques can help tailor your writing to be more impactful.

Using Persuasive Language

The Aristotelian approach is built around establishing ethos, pathos, and logos to strengthen arguments. Using emotionally charged anecdotes and emotive language can create a stronger connection with the reader, making arguments more relatable and compelling.

The choice of words and tone can greatly influence the effectiveness of your argument, ensuring it resonates with the audience. Employing persuasive language helps in capturing the reader's attention and influencing them to accept your viewpoint.

Ensuring Logical Flow

Ensuring coherence is crucial in an argumentative essay as it allows the reader to follow the logic and flow of the argument logically. Clear transitions between paragraphs help maintain logical flow and guide the reader through the essay.

Addressing opposing viewpoints strengthens an argument rather than undermining it, as it demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the topic. This approach ensures that the argument is presented logically and persuasively.

Utilizing Grammar and Style Tools

Incorporating grammar and style tools can significantly enhance the clarity and coherence of argumentative writing. Tools like Grammarly provide real-time editing suggestions, helping writers eliminate errors and improve sentence structure and clarity instantly. These tools allow writers to focus on their arguments without being distracted by language errors.

Regular use of style guides and grammar tools aids writers in maintaining a formal tone and adherence to academic standards. These tools provide valuable feedback, enabling writers to improve their writing skills over time.

Engaging with interactive grammar tools can also make the learning process more enjoyable and effective.

In summary, writing an effective argumentative essay involves understanding the fundamentals, crafting a strong thesis statement, gathering and presenting supporting evidence, addressing counterarguments, and using advanced structures and strategies.

Each element plays a vital role in building a compelling argument that persuades readers and withstands scrutiny. The essay writing process, from brainstorming to revising, ensures that each argument is well-thought-out and clearly presented.

By mastering these skills, you can craft argumentative essays that not only persuade but also engage and inform your readers. Remember, the goal is to present a clear and logical argument supported by credible evidence, all while acknowledging and addressing opposing viewpoints. With practice and the right tools, you can excel in argumentative writing and ensure your essays make a lasting impact.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the primary purpose of an argumentative essay.

The primary purpose of an argumentative essay is to persuade the reader to adopt the writer's perspective on a debatable issue by employing logical reasoning and credible evidence. This approach aims to effectively communicate and defend the chosen stance.

How can I craft a strong thesis statement?

To craft a strong thesis statement, ensure it clearly articulates a specific and debatable position that can be supported with arguments and evidence, typically placing it as the final sentence of your introduction paragraph. This clarity will guide your writing and engage your readers effectively.

Why is it important to address counterarguments in an argumentative essay?

It is important to address counterarguments in an argumentative essay because it demonstrates fairness and awareness of opposing viewpoints, thereby strengthening your main argument and showcasing your preparedness to defend your position comprehensively.

What are some effective strategies for gathering supporting evidence?

To gather effective supporting evidence, conduct extensive research using reputable sources such as academic journals and credible websites. This approach significantly enhances the credibility of your argument.

How can grammar and style tools improve my argumentative essay?

Utilizing grammar and style tools can significantly enhance your argumentative essay by correcting errors and improving clarity and sentence structure. This allows you to concentrate on developing your arguments more effectively.

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What is an Argumentative Essay? How to Write It (With Examples)

Table of Contents

We define an argumentative essay as a type of essay that presents arguments about both sides of an issue. The purpose is to convince the reader to accept a particular viewpoint or action. In an argumentative essay, the writer takes a stance on a controversial or debatable topic and supports their position with evidence, reasoning, and examples. The essay should also address counterarguments, demonstrating a thorough understanding of the topic.

What is an argumentative essay?  

An argumentative essay is a type of writing that presents a coherent and logical analysis of a specific topic. 1 The goal is to convince the reader to accept the writer’s point of view or opinion on a particular issue. Here are the key elements of an argumentative essay: 

• Thesis Statement : The central claim or argument that the essay aims to prove. 
• Introduction : Provides background information and introduces the thesis statement. 
• Body Paragraphs : Each paragraph addresses a specific aspect of the argument, presents evidence, and may include counter arguments. 
• Evidence : Supports the main argument with relevant facts, examples, statistics, or expert opinions.
• Counterarguments : Anticipates and addresses opposing viewpoints to strengthen the overall argument.
• Conclusion : Summarizes the main points, reinforces the thesis, and may suggest implications or actions.

Argumentative essay structure  

Aristotelian, Rogerian, and Toulmin are three distinct approaches to argumentative essay structures, each with its principles and methods. 2 The choice depends on the purpose and nature of the topic. Here’s an overview of each type of argumentative essay format.

Argumentative Essay Outline

An argumentative essay presents a specific claim or argument and supports it with evidence and reasoning. Here’s an outline for an argumentative essay, along with examples for each section: 3  

1.  Introduction : 

• Hook : Start with a compelling statement, question, or anecdote to grab the reader’s attention. 

Example: “Did you know that plastic pollution is threatening marine life at an alarming rate?” 

• Background information : Provide brief context about the issue. 

Example: “Plastic pollution has become a global environmental concern, with millions of tons of plastic waste entering our oceans yearly.” 

• Thesis statement : Clearly state your main argument or position. 

Example: “We must take immediate action to reduce plastic usage and implement more sustainable alternatives to protect our marine ecosystem.” 

2.  Body Paragraphs : 

• Topic sentence : Introduce the main idea of each paragraph. 

Example: “The first step towards addressing the plastic pollution crisis is reducing single-use plastic consumption.” 

• Evidence/Support : Provide evidence, facts, statistics, or examples that support your argument. 

Example: “Research shows that plastic straws alone contribute to millions of tons of plastic waste annually, and many marine animals suffer from ingestion or entanglement.” 

• Counterargument/Refutation : Acknowledge and refute opposing viewpoints. 

Example: “Some argue that banning plastic straws is inconvenient for consumers, but the long-term environmental benefits far outweigh the temporary inconvenience.” 

• Transition : Connect each paragraph to the next. 

Example: “Having addressed the issue of single-use plastics, the focus must now shift to promoting sustainable alternatives.” 

3.  Counterargument Paragraph : 

• Acknowledgement of opposing views : Recognize alternative perspectives on the issue. 

Example: “While some may argue that individual actions cannot significantly impact global plastic pollution, the cumulative effect of collective efforts must be considered.” 

• Counterargument and rebuttal : Present and refute the main counterargument. 

Example: “However, individual actions, when multiplied across millions of people, can substantially reduce plastic waste. Small changes in behavior, such as using reusable bags and containers, can have a significant positive impact.” 

4.  Conclusion : 

• Restatement of thesis : Summarize your main argument. 

Example: “In conclusion, adopting sustainable practices and reducing single-use plastic is crucial for preserving our oceans and marine life.” 

• Call to action : Encourage the reader to take specific steps or consider the argument’s implications. 

Example: “It is our responsibility to make environmentally conscious choices and advocate for policies that prioritize the health of our planet. By collectively embracing sustainable alternatives, we can contribute to a cleaner and healthier future.” 

Types of argument claims  

A claim is a statement or proposition a writer puts forward with evidence to persuade the reader. 4 Here are some common types of argument claims, along with examples: 

• Fact Claims : These claims assert that something is true or false and can often be verified through evidence.  Example: “Water boils at 100°C at sea level.”
• Value Claims : Value claims express judgments about the worth or morality of something, often based on personal beliefs or societal values. Example: “Organic farming is more ethical than conventional farming.” 
• Policy Claims : Policy claims propose a course of action or argue for a specific policy, law, or regulation change.  Example: “Schools should adopt a year-round education system to improve student learning outcomes.” 
• Cause and Effect Claims : These claims argue that one event or condition leads to another, establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.  Example: “Excessive use of social media is a leading cause of increased feelings of loneliness among young adults.” 
• Definition Claims : Definition claims assert the meaning or classification of a concept or term.  Example: “Artificial intelligence can be defined as machines exhibiting human-like cognitive functions.” 
• Comparative Claims : Comparative claims assert that one thing is better or worse than another in certain respects.  Example: “Online education is more cost-effective than traditional classroom learning.” 
• Evaluation Claims : Evaluation claims assess the quality, significance, or effectiveness of something based on specific criteria.  Example: “The new healthcare policy is more effective in providing affordable healthcare to all citizens.” 

Understanding these argument claims can help writers construct more persuasive and well-supported arguments tailored to the specific nature of the claim.  

How to write an argumentative essay?

If you’re wondering how to start an argumentative essay, here’s a step-by-step guide to help you with the argumentative essay format and writing process.

• Choose a Topic: Select a topic that you are passionate about or interested in. Ensure that the topic is debatable and has two or more sides.
• Define Your Position: Clearly state your stance on the issue. Consider opposing viewpoints and be ready to counter them.
• Conduct Research: Gather relevant information from credible sources, such as books, articles, and academic journals. Take notes on key points and supporting evidence.
• Create a Thesis Statement: Develop a concise and clear thesis statement that outlines your main argument. Convey your position on the issue and provide a roadmap for the essay.
• Outline Your Argumentative Essay: Organize your ideas logically by creating an outline. Include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each body paragraph should focus on a single point that supports your thesis.
• Write the Introduction: Start with a hook to grab the reader’s attention (a quote, a question, a surprising fact). Provide background information on the topic. Present your thesis statement at the end of the introduction.
• Develop Body Paragraphs: Begin each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that relates to the thesis. Support your points with evidence and examples. Address counterarguments and refute them to strengthen your position. Ensure smooth transitions between paragraphs.
• Address Counterarguments: Acknowledge and respond to opposing viewpoints. Anticipate objections and provide evidence to counter them.
• Write the Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your argumentative essay. Reinforce the significance of your argument. End with a call to action, a prediction, or a thought-provoking statement.
• Revise, Edit, and Share: Review your essay for clarity, coherence, and consistency. Check for grammatical and spelling errors. Share your essay with peers, friends, or instructors for constructive feedback.
• Finalize Your Argumentative Essay: Make final edits based on feedback received. Ensure that your essay follows the required formatting and citation style.

Argumentative essay writing tips  

Here are eight strategies to craft a compelling argumentative essay: 

• Choose a Clear and Controversial Topic : Select a topic that sparks debate and has opposing viewpoints. A clear and controversial issue provides a solid foundation for a strong argument. 
• Conduct Thorough Research : Gather relevant information from reputable sources to support your argument. Use a variety of sources, such as academic journals, books, reputable websites, and expert opinions, to strengthen your position. 
• Create a Strong Thesis Statement : Clearly articulate your main argument in a concise thesis statement. Your thesis should convey your stance on the issue and provide a roadmap for the reader to follow your argument. 
• Develop a Logical Structure : Organize your essay with a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Each paragraph should focus on a specific point of evidence that contributes to your overall argument. Ensure a logical flow from one point to the next. 
• Provide Strong Evidence : Support your claims with solid evidence. Use facts, statistics, examples, and expert opinions to support your arguments. Be sure to cite your sources appropriately to maintain credibility. 
• Address Counterarguments : Acknowledge opposing viewpoints and counterarguments. Addressing and refuting alternative perspectives strengthens your essay and demonstrates a thorough understanding of the issue. Be mindful of maintaining a respectful tone even when discussing opposing views. 
• Use Persuasive Language : Employ persuasive language to make your points effectively. Avoid emotional appeals without supporting evidence and strive for a respectful and professional tone. 
• Craft a Compelling Conclusion : Summarize your main points, restate your thesis, and leave a lasting impression in your conclusion. Encourage readers to consider the implications of your argument and potentially take action. 

Good argumentative essay example  

Let’s consider a sample of argumentative essay on how social media enhances connectivity:

In the digital age, social media has emerged as a powerful tool that transcends geographical boundaries, connecting individuals from diverse backgrounds and providing a platform for an array of voices to be heard. While critics argue that social media fosters division and amplifies negativity, it is essential to recognize the positive aspects of this digital revolution and how it enhances connectivity by providing a platform for diverse voices to flourish. One of the primary benefits of social media is its ability to facilitate instant communication and connection across the globe. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram break down geographical barriers, enabling people to establish and maintain relationships regardless of physical location and fostering a sense of global community. Furthermore, social media has transformed how people stay connected with friends and family. Whether separated by miles or time zones, social media ensures that relationships remain dynamic and relevant, contributing to a more interconnected world. Moreover, social media has played a pivotal role in giving voice to social justice movements and marginalized communities. Movements such as #BlackLivesMatter, #MeToo, and #ClimateStrike have gained momentum through social media, allowing individuals to share their stories and advocate for change on a global scale. This digital activism can shape public opinion and hold institutions accountable. Social media platforms provide a dynamic space for open dialogue and discourse. Users can engage in discussions, share information, and challenge each other’s perspectives, fostering a culture of critical thinking. This open exchange of ideas contributes to a more informed and enlightened society where individuals can broaden their horizons and develop a nuanced understanding of complex issues. While criticisms of social media abound, it is crucial to recognize its positive impact on connectivity and the amplification of diverse voices. Social media transcends physical and cultural barriers, connecting people across the globe and providing a platform for marginalized voices to be heard. By fostering open dialogue and facilitating the exchange of ideas, social media contributes to a more interconnected and empowered society. Embracing the positive aspects of social media allows us to harness its potential for positive change and collective growth.

How to write a good thesis

• Clearly Define Your Thesis Statement:   Your thesis statement is the core of your argumentative essay. Clearly articulate your main argument or position on the issue. Avoid vague or general statements.  
• Provide Strong Supporting Evidence:   Back up your thesis with solid evidence from reliable sources and examples. This can include facts, statistics, expert opinions, anecdotes, or real-life examples. Make sure your evidence is relevant to your argument, as it impacts the overall persuasiveness of your thesis.  
• Anticipate Counterarguments and Address Them:   Acknowledge and address opposing viewpoints to strengthen credibility. This also shows that you engage critically with the topic rather than presenting a one-sided argument. 

How to Write an Argumentative Essay with Paperpal?  

Writing a winning argumentative essay not only showcases your ability to critically analyze a topic but also demonstrates your skill in persuasively presenting your stance backed by evidence. Achieving this level of writing excellence can be time-consuming. This is where Paperpal, your AI academic writing assistant, steps in to revolutionize the way you approach argumentative essays. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to use Paperpal to write your essay: 

• Sign Up or Log In: Begin by creating an account or logging into paperpal.com .  
• Navigate to Paperpal Templates: Once logged in, proceed to the Templates section from the side navigation bar.  
• Generate an essay outline: Under Templates, click on the ‘Outline ‘ tab and choose ‘Essay’ from the options and provide your topic to generate an outline.  

Start Writing with Paperpal

• Develop your essay: Use this structured outline as a guide to flesh out your essay. If you encounter any roadblocks, click on Write to keep your writing momentum going. 

• Refine your writing: To elevate the academic tone of your essay, select a paragraph and use the ‘ Make Academic’ feature under the ‘Rewrite’ tab, ensuring your argumentative essay resonates with an academic audience. 
• Final Touches: Make your argumentative essay submission ready with Paperpal’s language, grammar, consistency and plagiarism checks, and improve your chances of acceptance.  

Paperpal not only simplifies the essay writing process but also ensures your argumentative essay is persuasive, well-structured, and academically rigorous. Sign up today and transform how you write argumentative essays. 

Frequently Asked Questions

The length of an argumentative essay can vary, but it typically falls within the range of 1,000 to 2,500 words. However, the specific requirements may depend on the guidelines provided.

You might write an argumentative essay when:  1. You want to convince others of the validity of your position.  2. There is a controversial or debatable issue that requires discussion.  3. You need to present evidence and logical reasoning to support your claims.  4. You want to explore and critically analyze different perspectives on a topic. 

Argumentative Essay:  Purpose : An argumentative essay aims to persuade the reader to accept or agree with a specific point of view or argument.  Structure : It follows a clear structure with an introduction, thesis statement, body paragraphs presenting arguments and evidence, counterarguments and refutations, and a conclusion.  Tone : The tone is formal and relies on logical reasoning, evidence, and critical analysis.    Narrative/Descriptive Essay:  Purpose : These aim to tell a story or describe an experience, while a descriptive essay focuses on creating a vivid picture of a person, place, or thing.  Structure : They may have a more flexible structure. They often include an engaging introduction, a well-developed body that builds the story or description, and a conclusion.  Tone : The tone is more personal and expressive to evoke emotions or provide sensory details. 

• Gladd, J. (2020). Tips for Writing Academic Persuasive Essays.  Write What Matters . 
• Nimehchisalem, V. (2018). Pyramid of argumentation: Towards an integrated model for teaching and assessing ESL writing.  Language & Communication ,  5 (2), 185-200. 
• Press, B. (2022).  Argumentative Essays: A Step-by-Step Guide . Broadview Press. 
• Rieke, R. D., Sillars, M. O., & Peterson, T. R. (2005).  Argumentation and critical decision making . Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. 

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